Cause of bruising

We often got bruises after bumping to hard objects, falling, while playing sports, or overtraining. When these accidents occur, the small blood vessels under the skin tear, rupture; Blood oozes out and stucks in between the subcutaneous tissue forming bruises.

A small fraction of cases of unexplained bruising, or phenomenon after waking up in which we see the bruises on the skin that people called “phantom bites”, often related to bleeding disorders or by micronutrients deficiencies, vulnerability thin and crispy vascular, especially if the bruises are with frequent nosebleeds or gums bleeding.

Bruises happen more often to the elderly because their skin is thinner, the vasculars lose their inherent elasticity, the tissues supporting blood vessels located below also become more fragile. Moreover, bruises are also more common in people taking blood-thinning medications.

 Bruising symptoms

When a person just got injured, bruises may have a reddish brown color. Usually after 2 to 5 days it will turn blue or dark purple within a few hours (due to blood cells losing oxygen), then turn yellow or green after several days when the bruises heal. Sometimes we notice bruises area may spread downward in the direction of gravity, so the bruises in the legs will usually take longer to recover than the bruises on the face or arms.

The pain is often accompanied by bruises. Some bruises only hurt slightly when moving or get touched, sometimes we felt sharp pain in the first few days, but the pain is often eased when the color of the bruises fades.

Because the skin is not damaged, torn, opened so the bruises are not at risk of infection. Bruises usually takes about two weeks to completely dissappear.

Bruises reducing method

At home, you should treat the bruises immediately after the injury to get the best results, when the bruises are still slightly red. Quickly handle bruises at home helps increase recovery speed for blood vessels, prevent the bruises to spread and sore

Within the frist 48 hours: patients should use ice as an ice pack or a bag of frozen vegetables and put it slightly over the bruising area for about 20-30 minutes to help vasoconstriction, reducing swelling. Do not apply ice directly to the skin but you should wrap the ice bag in a thin and soft towel. Patients absolutely should not use hot oil, hot eggs right after impact to rub into the damaged area because that may even increase swelling and pain.

If bruises occupy a large area in the legs or feet, we should keep our legs in elevated positions as much as possible within the first 24 hours after injury, doing so will restrict blood, fluids from escaping intravascular, reduce swelling as much as possible.

Paracetemol can be taking to reduce pain as  directed on the bottle cover. Avoid aspirin or ibuprofen because they slow down blood clotiing and may, in face, prolong the bleeding.

After 48 hours: to use Hong Linh Cot topical ointment which contains oil extracts help increase blood flow to the bruising, dissolve hematoma quickly. Especially, oil extracts in combination with methyl salicylate helps relieve pain and swelling for the wound for faster recovery. Messaging the wound with Hong Linh Cot for about 10 minutes, 2-3 times each day help dissolve blood bruises. Combing applying Hong Linh Cot with ward compresses will make the patients feel revitalize, increase the drug’s absorption through skin and improve its effectiveness.

However not all case of bruising can be self-treated at home. Sometimes some dangerous diseases are lurking after skin bruising symptoms that we tend to overlook because we just consider them simply due to collisions.

• Bruise accompanied with extreme swelling and pain, especially if you’re taking blood-thinning medications for medical conditions.
• Bruises occur easily or with no apparent reason.
• Painful bruises under the toenails or fingernails.
• Bruises that do not improve with two weeks, or not completely dissolve after three or four weeks.
• Bruises doubtly with sprains or broken bone.
• Some bruises, such as those on the head or eyes, can cause a lot of anxiety.

 Prevent bruising

 To prevent bruising, we should pay attention to daily life, work and sports activities. Following these small measures also help people avoid unwant collisions:

• Wear protective clothing (boots, knee wraps, leg wraps) while playing sports.
• Place furniture away from the doors and passages in your home.
• Keep the phone and cord away from the walking area, where you can easily stumble.
• Keep the floors clean, dry, not wet or messy.
• Plug a small lamp or use a flashlight if you need to walk to the toilet at night.
• Bruising is not a serious injury if we estimate the degree right and know how to reduce bruising properly and quickly.

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Neck and shoulder pain syndrome is common among people  who works involve standing and/or sitting for a long period of time. Patients feel their neck strains, aches, difficult to rotate or lean overl sometimes the pain and fatigue spread to the shoulder, arm and lasts for several days. Neck and shoulder pain syndrome is not dangerous but it can cause some discomfort, fatigue for patients, affecting work, diminish the quality of labor and life quality. With high work pressure, especially office workers who have to sit in one position in a long period of time, the amount of patients with neck and shoulder pain syndrome has been gradually increasing.

1. Causes: There are quite many causes lead to this condition, include main muscles and nerves related causes, and in some diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, meningitis, cancer:

• Muscles related:

When the muscles in the shoulder, neck have to work strenuously or being stretch for too long (heavy lifts, long bow, same head and neck posture for long periods), which in turn easily lead to muscle strain.

People who often lie side by, curl, when the body weakens, the operating speed of the circulatory system fell, the blood circulation and oxygenation in the body reduces, pain will appear when waking up. Typically, from middle age onwards, vascular system has reduced toughness, elasticity so people usually suffer neck, nape and shoulder pain.

Sitting in front of the fan, air conditioner for long, constant exposure to rain or sunlight, letting sun shines straight to the nape or night bathing,… affects the vascular and nervous systems which controls the nutrients providing for muscles. Wrong sleeping head posture also makes you feel discomfort in the neck and shoulder area when waking up.

• Nerves related:

A series of problems in the cervical spine can reduce the space available for the nerves branching out from the spinal cord. For example:

– Hardened cartilage discs: As we agem the cartilage discs between the vertebrae become dry and stiff, narrowed the gap in the spine where the nerves exit.

– Herniated disc: This occurs when the disc protrudes, pressures the exit of spinal nerves, causing pain to or weakening the arm.

– Degenerative spine, congenital torticollis, malformation, arthritis, neck injuries also heavily affect nerves in the neck, shoulder, spine, nape area, causing prolonged pain.

Pathology related: Neck shoulder pain syndrome is sometimes due to a number of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, meningitis or cancer.

Symptoms

  Acute neck and shoulder pain:

 Pain spreads from the nape down to the shoulder, increases when changing head position.

Pain when bending, turning or tilting the head, warped face, stiff neck, have to turn the whole upper part of the body to look horizontally or behind.

Chronic neck and shoulder pain:

Prolonged sore shoulder and neck, ache, pain increases when the weather changes, which last for months, even years, alternating with acute pain with every acute neck and shoulder pain symptoms.

Often accompanied with symptoms of reduced brain circulation: headache, sleep disturbances, memory impairment…

Some cases show signs of arm nerves’ pain: ache, numbness in the arms, forearms, finger, tendon reflexes may increase slightly.

Treatment

Patients with neck and shoulder pain syndrome who while visiting specialist doctors found no cause of pinched injured will be assigned analgesia, topical medications… or physiotherapy like massaging, reflexology, acupuncture… in hospitals, clinics, traditional medicine, this will bring good results.

In some mild pain, if the patients want to quickly get rid of the pain, they need to solve these three problems simultaneously:

Enhancing blood flow to the shoulder and neck area by relaxing the vascular system, increase the kinetic energy of red blood cells, enhancing blood flow in the vascular system: in order to achieve this goal, the patient should be massaged gently, gradually increasing intensity, combined with topical medications, which includes oil extract, will help the body, relaxing blood vessels.

Soften the muscle to increase muscle metabolism for which the patient should sit, lie down properly, help muscles relax, also external massage can soften the muscles.

The effect on the nerves: pain was caused by the wastes concentrating on the end ò the sensory nerves. Using painkillers will prevent formation of these substances, anesthetize the nerves slightly to help patients quickly lose the pain.

Usually when in pain, patients often turn to anti-inflammatory painkillers, to quickly lose the pain. However, orally anti-inflammatory painkillers can only treat the pain but also cause many side effects to the gastrointestinal. In particular, it injures the intestinal mucosa, destroys epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract causing peptic ulcers.

Prolonged usage of anti-inflammatory painkillers also cause many adverse effects on the nervous system, increase the risk of myocardial infarction, hepatic dysfunction. To avoid those side effects, patients should use medicines which contrin skill messaging oils like menthol, camphor oil. Menthol, camphor help stimulate blood circulation, increase blood circulation to the neck and shoulder area, heaten muscles, vasodilation. In addition, the oil also stimulates the absolute end of muscles and skin nerve (the pain tranduction unit) to help relieve pain quickly and effectively.

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206 and 360 are the amount of bones and joints in an adult body, respectively. Everyday, we can move, work is because of musculoskeletal system, which includes skeleton – joints and muscle. Bone joint is where bones contact and connect to each other, however not only where we can move that contains bone joints. Depends on activity level, bone joints are divided into 3 big groups:

– Immobile joints (synarthrosis joint): Skull joints, facial bones…

– Semi-mobile joints (symphysis amphiarthrosis): spine joints, groin joints…

– Mobile joints (synovial joint): knee joints, elbow joints…

2. Bone joint structure

Immobile joints have very small operating range or cannot operate at all because these bones fit together thanks to small saw tooth or bone edges over each other like fish scales so when muscles constrict, joints do not move. Skull joints, facial bones are typical example.

Semi-mobile joints are joints that in between the joints is only a cartilage disk, which makes those joints less flexible and have small operating margins. Semi-mobile joints include spinal and groin joints. We all know that dancers had to exercise from very early age, which is precisely because in children, the cartilage disks are very elastic, makes it easy for the back to bend or for the groin to splits. Once grow up and get old, the cartilage disks flatten, as a result it’s hard for the spine to move.

Mobile joint is the most flexible out of our 3 big bone joint groups, also the group under the most pressure from people’s activities. The reason for the sharp movements on a large scale lies at the structure of this joint type. The surface of each bone has a smooth layer of cartilage, glossy and elastic, to reduct the friction between two bones. In the middle is a mucus filled bag called the synovium. Synovial fluid containing electrolytes (Ca++, Na+, etc…), sugar and protein helps provide nutrients to the cartilage, joint disc, increase operational capabilities of joints, reducing friction surface. Outside the mobile joints are the supple and elastic ligaments that connect the two bones as a sealed enclosure called fibrous capsules. From these different physical characteristics that this type of joints can move easily

Joints can operate in three basic spindle perpendicular to each other:

• Left-Right Axis: Perform folding and stretching movements
• Front-Behind Axis: Perform spliting and closing movements
• Top-Bottom Axis: Perform face down and face up movements

There are joints that operate on only one axis, for example the elbow joints that take care of bending and stretching. Some joints such as the wrist joints, joints between the toes and the first knuckle can operate orbiting two perpendicular axis fold-stretch and split-close. Shoulder joints, basin-shaped thigh joints because of their pompom shapes, are able to operate around three perpendicular axes on three planes: fold-stretch, split-close, swivel in-out and rotation.

3. Bone joints common disease

There are quite a bit of diseases related to joints that we may encounter in daily life and work. Bone and joint pain disease is usually persistent and adversely affects patient health. These following 6 musculoskeletal disorders are more common:

Osteoarthritis: common in middle-aged and old people due to the aging process causing wear and tear in the joint cartilage, causing stiff joints and difficulty moving around. Characteristics of the disease are painful joint movement, less pain when resting, bi swelling, edema as some other diseases with different arthristis phenomena.

Arthritis: This is not a single disease but a group of disease which has common features including pain, inflammation, and limited movement of joints. The joints have pain caused by inflammatory signs (the pain ascending even when resting), accompanied by swelling, heat, redness inflamed area.

Rheumatoid arthritis (Chronic rheumatism): A chronic autoimmune disease affects the connective tissues of the body directly. The disease not only show the destruction in the joints leads to deformity but also affects many organ, systems in the body, causing systemic symptoms.

Gout: This disease is no stranger to the overweight “gentlemen”, excessive drinkers or too much protein diet. Gout comes with the sudden onset of throbing pain in the toes,ankle joints at midnight, then spread to other joints that patients cannot tolerate.

Neck shoulder pain and low back pain syndrome: A common problem faced by office workers, workers what has to sit in the same position for hours; neck shoulder pain is a neuromuscular disorder caused by the local and sudden rigidity from neurological dysfunction but not due to bones, joints, spine or intervertebral discs damage.

Most cases of low back pain do not have pathological causes, instead mainly stemming from poor posture in daily life, work or sports, it makes the lumber spine as well as the muscle groups defend the overworking, which in turn leads to tireness, the rest is a manifestation of lumbar disc herniation, degenerative vertebrae in the elderly.

Rheumatic fever: Rheumatic fever is a diseases acquired while having strep throat. If not treated thoroughly, after several weeks symptoms of arthritis will appear, especially to the large joints such as the knee, elbow joints, ankle, wrist.

Pain will be transferred from joints to joints without sequelae. The real danger is, it also causes permanent damage to the heart valves leading to heart failure. This is the reason why this diease is also known as the “low heart” disease.

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1.What is snake venom?

Some scientists believe that snake venom composition includes proteins transformed from snake saliva, which originally used to devour and digest prey. Some others think that the ability to create poisonous substances evolves independently in different species. However Australian researcher – Bryan Fry, one of the leading experts in venomous snake has different theory. Through ADN analysis, he discovered most of the protein and enzyme found in snake venom are quite close to other chemicals in snake body, for example in the liver, digestive organs or other systems. Genes control the production of these chemicals in organs activated in salivary glands of snakes, where they produce chemicals once transformed and regenerated, can help snakes kill prey effectively.

2. Kinds of snake venom

There are 16 different chemicals in snake venom, each of them has its own effect on each organ or all over the body which is bitten. All the venom have the same properties include dissolving red and white blood cells (hemolytic ability), which can no longer activate if we boil the venom in 100 degree Celcius in half an hour. Scientists believe that the main venom which is fatal for human can be differentiate in 3 types: Neurotoxin which harms nervous system; Hemotoxins solidifies and disintegrates blood, destroys blood vessels, creates local inflammatory disorders; and Cytotoxin, which poisons the cells.

When we’re bitten by snakes, the toxicity of snake venom is not only because of its components but also when they enter the body, they combine into other chemicals that have more destructive power. Depends on the responsive level of the body, the victim can show different expressions when bitten. But usually they are: swelling, pain in the bit mark, after some time (from 3 to 4 hours), the victim can feel vertigo, dizziness, headache, shortness of breath, nausea, sore throat, vomiting, lisp, dysphagia, drowsiness, cold hands and feet, pain, sweating, slow heartbeat… If serious, it can lead to convulsions, coma, hypotension, cardiac arrest leading to death.

3. Snake venom therapeutic uses

However, human can also benefits quite a bit from snake venom. Human has been raising snakes and use their venom to treat diseases for 3000 years. Nowadays, snake venom can be used to make serum to treat snake poisons and some pharmaceuticals. On the world market, dried snake venom can cost 12 times more than gold (1 gram of dried snake venom = 12 – 15 grams of gold), sometimes up to several dozen times. People have snakes bite a glass jar and then can collect a sticky, clear and yellowish liquid, weighs from 1.03 – 1.05, contains 50 -70% water. If leave for 24 hours, snake venom will transmute and have foul smells. If dried it can be collected in small yellow crystals and keep its properties for years.

In 1895, Dr. A.Calmette, Director of Microbiology Institute of Pasteur in Saigon, based on research projects on snake venom of France Natural Museum’s Phisalix and Bertrand, proposed the procedure to create serum to treat snake bites. For the first time, anti cobra venom serum (Naja naja) was produced successfully in Saigon Pasteur Institute. Anti viper venom serum therapy was applied in all countries over the world, which saves many bitten humans and animals. Anti viper venom serum has anti-poison, prevent and cure disease abilities. Recently, the procedure to create anti viper venom serum is increasingly improved.

Scientists have been researching to create multi-purpose serum to use in all cases of snake bites. Almost all developed countries now offers dried anti snake venom serum with great reserves, always ready to serve emergency victims, but with high price, from 600 to 1.200 USD/bottle. Furthermore, poisonous snakes are biologically, toxicology unique for each geographical region; thus, almost all countries around the world has research center to produce anti snake venom serum for their own countries.

In 1990, anti snake venom serum research and manufacturing units under Cho Ray hospital was found and in 1998, Ministry of Health allowed the use of 2 types of anti venom serum of cobra and choam snakes in clinical treatment for emergency patients by snake bites in Cho Ray hospital. From December 2004 to July 2007, National Poison Centre, Bach Mai hospital conducted clinical trials for anti venom serum in Bach Mai and Cho Ray hospital. The result was astonishing, 40 patients suffered from cobra’s snake bite, heavily poisoned after using the serum, completely recovered in the fisrt 24 hours. Side effects in allow amount 10 – 18 %,

Beside anti venom serum, snake venom can also be used to create multiple injection drugs to treat bleeding, increase the strength of capillaries, reduces pain (for arthritis, angina and cancer patients) or to create topical ointment to treat rheumatism, neuralgia belts, myositis… Science also confirmed extracts from cobras, rattlesnakes, and vipercan treat many diseases such as dissolving clots or have the potential to slow the growth of cancer cells.

The first substance isolated from snake venom of the Brazil viper, Bothrops Jararaca species, in 1949. This venom dilates the blood vessels, lower preys’ blood pressure to make them react slower and late collapse. After that this poison became the stepping stone for a medicines used to treat high blood pressure in the family commonly known as ACE inhibitors. Another effective medicines to treat blood disorder is also produced from Malaysia viper venom.

Snake venom often affects certain cells and this property leads to an important research project about cancer treatment. Chemo therapy has side effects because it cannot differentiate between cancer cells and normal cells. Some other research projects are testing the use of snake venom to destroy the blood vessel that lead nutrients to tumors, thereby starving it to death.

It’s noteworhty that the substance has been detected in snake venom really nurture the formation of new nerve cells. This can be very beneficial to patients suffered from Alzheimer and other disease in which nerve cells in the brain die. Dr. Heloisa Sobreiro Selistre de Araujo of Sao Carlos Federal College (Brazil) said, the ALT – C in snake venom can strengthen and prevent the creation of new blood vessels. If in low dosage, ALT – C can promote the formation of new blood vessels. This means that this chemicals can be the base to create new drugs for treating disease from irrational circuitry distribution such as heart disease, lesions caused by diabetes and even erectile dysfunction.

Thus, snake venom is only toxic when bitten by snakes; if properly uses, it will bring many benefits to human. Moreover, people will no longer scare of poisonous snakes, know how to take precautions to prevent snake bites and the effective treatment when bitten, and since can live in peace with poisonous snakes on earth.

(Dr. Dinh Cong Bay, from “Kien thuc ngay nay” – Quy Ty Spring, 2013; page 56+57+104)

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kill people in a short time.

Snake parts can all be used as drugs, almost no useless parts. Cobra meat is sweet, salty, neutral, and is consider a medicinal tonic in Eastern medicine. Snake meat has properties like rheumatic effects, nerve stabilizing, easy to be used for neuropathy pain, numb, paralyzed, seizures,sprouting poisonous zits. Snake bile can be combined with many other medications to treat coughing, back pain,hard to treat headaches, or can be used with alcohol to make wine. According to ancient documents, snake corpses after they pelt taste salty and sweets, non-toxic, neutral. Snake corpses also have antiseptic effect, used to treat some dangerous diseases in children, sterilize, treat sore throat, impetigo.

Over the world, especially in Europe, people use snake venom injections or topical ointments to relieve pain from caner, neuritis, neuralgia, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, joint inflammation, muscle inflammation. Many researches have shown that snake venom have the effect of inhibiting the growth of some types of cancer cells, lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients. In Vietnam, cobra venom has been recently exploited and used as medicine. In highlights is a research from Do Tat Loi, Tran Kien and their colleagues published in the Pharmacogenetics Journal in June 1976, the authors  developed a topical ointment from cobra venom combined with other available effective remedies for rheumatic pains in Vietnam for patients with arthritis, bone and joint discomfort and pain.

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